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                  <text>Obeah may be best described as one of several African based systems and practices of ancestor observance through which the spiritual and physical needs of the living are channeled. It is primarily based on the concept of cause and effect whereby the spirit realm with power to affect both must be supplicated in a bid to achieve a desired result – good or bad. Those gifted with knowledge from the ancestral spirits are able to concoct potions as remedies for physical ailments or poisons against wrongdoers.  This practice is evident across the Caribbean.</text>
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                <text>This seal was a part of the 'Guzzum Power': Obeah in Jamaica Exhibition curated by the African Caribbean Institute of Jamaica/Jamaica Memory Bank in 2009</text>
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                  <text>The Jonkonnu tradition was formed centuries ago and reached its peak during the 18th century when enslaved Africans on sugar plantations and large pens formed Jonkonnu bands as a major part of their Christmas holiday celebration. At first, the bands were encouraged on the estates, but were later suppressed by the authorities due to a fear of the event being a guise under which uprisings could be planned. The authorities discouraged the gatherings of Blacks, as well as the use of drums, and the blowing of horns and conch shells, which were not only a part of the musical elements of the bands but also a means of communication by the enslaved. After emancipation in 1838, Jonkonnu suffered a decline as the nonconformist missionaries tried to get rid of pagan amusements among converts.&#13;
Jonkonnnu characters vary across the island, but all characters are traditionally played by men. If the characters speak at all, it will be in hoarse whispers for, as part of the tradition, their identities should not be known. Those who watch the antics displayed by the Jonkonnu are expected to contribute money to the band to defray the cost of their costumes or to provide refreshment for the group.&#13;
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                  <text>Revival combines African and European centered beliefs and practices inspired by myal, Native Baptist, and other non-conformist Christian movements. The two main branches Revival Zion and Pukumina arose during the Great Revivals of 1860 and 1861 in Jamaica.&#13;
&#13;
Both Branches differ in rituals and doctrines. Revival Zion is more strongly associated with Christianity, while Pukumina makes greater use of African concepts and beliefs from the later Revival in 1861. </text>
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